Wavelet Packet Feature Extraction And Support Vector Machine Psychology Essay

Wavelet Packet Feature Extraction And Support Vector Machine Psychology Essay Unique The point of this work is a programmed order of the electroencephalogram (EEG) signals by utilizing measurable highlights extraction and bolster vector machine. From a genuine database, two arrangements of EEG signals are utilized: EEG recorded from a solid individual and from an epileptic individual during epileptic seizures. Three significant factual highlights are figured at various sub-groups discrete wavelet and wavelet bundle decay of EEG chronicles. In this examination, to choose the best wavelet for our application, five wavelet premise capacities are considered for preparing EEG signals. In the wake of diminishing the element of the acquired information by straight discriminant investigation and head segment examination, highlight vectors are utilized to show and to prepare the proficient help vector machine classifier. So as to show the proficiency of this methodology, the measurable arrangement exhibitions are assessed, and a pace of 100% for the best grouping exact ness is acquired and is contrasted and those got in different examinations for similar informational index. Watchwords EEG; Discrete Wavelet Transform, Wavelet Packet Transform, Support Vector Machine, Statistical investigation, order. 1. Presentation In nervous system science, the electroencephalogram (EEG) is a non-intrusive trial of mind work that is for the most part utilized for the analysis and arrangement of epilepsy. The epilepsy scenes are an aftereffect of over the top electrical releases in a gathering of synapses. Epilepsy is a constant neurological issue of the mind that effects more than 50 million individuals worldwide and in creating nations, three fourths of individuals with epilepsy may not get the treatment they need [1]. In clinical choices, the EEG is identified with inception of treatment to improve nature of epileptic patients life. In any case, EEG signals possess a gigantic volume and the scoring of long haul EEG chronicles by visual examination, so as to order epilepsy, is generally a tedious assignment. In this way, numerous scientists have tended to the issue of programmed identification and characterization of epileptic EEG signals [2, 3]. Various investigations have demonstrated that EEG signal is a n on-fixed procedure and non-straight highlights are extricated from mind action accounts so as to explicit sign qualities [2, 4, 5, 6]. At that point these highlights are utilized as contribution of classifiers [11]. Subasi in [7] utilized the discrete wavelet change (DWT) coefficient of ordinary and epileptic EEG fragments in a particular neural system called blend of master. For a similar EEG informational index, Polat and Gã ¼nes [8] utilized the component decrease techniques including DWT, autoregressive and discrete Fourier change. In Subasi and Gursoy [9], the dimensionality of the DWT highlights was decreased utilizing head segment investigation (PCA), free part examination (ICA) and straight discriminant investigation (LDA). The resultant highlights were utilized to arrange ordinary and epilepsy EEG signals utilizing bolster vector machine. Jahankhani, Kodogiannis and Revett [10] have acquired component vectors from EEG flags by DWT and played out the order by multilayer perceptron (MLP) and spiral premise work arrange. Wavelet bundle change (WPT) shows up as one of most encouraging strategies as appeared by an extraordinary number of works in the writing [11] especially for ECG signals and generally less, for EEG signals. In [12], Wang, Miao and Xie utilized wavelet parcel entropy technique to remove highlights and K-closest neighbor (K-NN) classifier. In this work, both DWT and WPT split non fixed EEG signals into recurrence sub-groups. At that point a lot of measurable highlights, for example, standard deviation, vitality and entropy from genuine datab ase EEG accounts were figured from every disintegration level to speak to time-recurrence dissemination of wavelet coefficients. LDA and PCA are applied to these different boundaries permitting an information decrease. These highlights were utilized as a contribution to productive SVM classifier with two discrete yields: ordinary individual and epileptic subject. A proportion of the exhibitions of these techniques is introduced. The staying of this paper is sorted out as follows: Section 2 depicts the informational index of EEG signals utilized in our work. In Section 3, primers are introduced for sure fire reference. This is trailed by the progression up of our trials and the outcomes in area 4. At long last, some closing comments are given in Section 5. 2. Information SELECTION We have utilized the EEG information taken from the ancient rarity free EEG time arrangement database accessible at the Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn [23]. The total dataset comprises of five sets (meant A-B-C-D-E). Each set contains100 single-channel EEG signs of 23,6s. The ordinary EEG information was gotten from five solid volunteers who were in the casual conscious state with their eyes open (set A). These signs were acquired from extra-cranially surface EEG chronicles as per a normalized cathode position. Set E contains seizure movement, chose from all chronicle locales showing ictal action. All EEG signals were recorded with the equivalent 128 channel speaker framework and digitized at 173.61Hz examining. 12 piece simple to-computerized change and band-pass (0.53-40 Hz) channel settings were utilized. For a progressively nitty gritty portrayal, the peruser can allude to [13]. In our examination, we utilized set An and set E from the total dataset. Crude EEG signal Highlight extraction: Energy, Entropy and Standard deviation from DWT and WPT decom-position coefficients Dimensionality decrease by LDA and PCA Grouping and Execution measure Solid Epileptic Figure 1 The stream graph of the proposed framework 3. techniques The proposed technique comprises of three primary parts: (I) factual element extraction from DWT and from WPT disintegration coefficients, (ii) dimensionality decrease utilizing PCA and LDA, and (iii) EEG characterization utilizing SVM. The stream diagram of the proposed strategy is given in figure 1. Subtleties of the pre-handling and arrangement steps are inspected in the accompanying subsections. 3.1 Analysis utilizing DWT and WPT Since the EEG is a profoundly non-fixed sign, it has been as of late suggested the utilization of time-recurrence area techniques [14]. Wavelet change can be utilized to break down a sign into sub-groups with low recurrence (estimated coefficients) and sub-groups with high recurrence (definite coefficients) [15, 16, 17]. Under discrete wavelet change (DWT), just estimation coefficients are decayed iteratively by two channels and afterward down-examined by 2. The main channel h[.] is a high-pass channel which is the reflection of the subsequent low pass channel l[.]. DWT gives a left recursive double tree structure. We prepared 16 DWT coefficients. Wavelet parcel change (WPT) is an augmentation of DWT that gives a progressively educational sign examination. By utilizing WPT, the lower, just as the higher recurrence groups are disintegrated giving a reasonable tree structure. The wavelet parcel change creates a full deterioration tree, as appeared in figure 2. In this work, we performe d five-level wavelet parcel deterioration. The two wavelet parcel symmetrical bases at a parent hub (I, p) are gotten from the accompanying recursive connections Eq. (1) and (2), where l[n] and h[n] are low (scale) and high (wavelet) pass channel, individually; I is the file of a subspaces profundity and p is the quantity of subspaces [15]. The wavelet bundle coefficients comparing to the sign x(t) can be acquired from Eq. (3), l (3,0) (3,1)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(3,6) (3,7) h l h l h l h h l h l h l SIGNAL (0,0) (1,0) (1,1) (2,0) (2,1) (2,2) (2,3) Figure 2 Third level wavelet bundle disintegration of EEG signal Table 1 gives the recurrence groups for each degree of WPT decay. Figures 3 and 4 show the fifth level wavelet parcel decay of EEG sections, as indicated by figure 2. We prepared 32 WPT coefficients. Along these lines, in this examination, three factual boundaries: vitality highlight (En), the proportion of Shannon entropy (Ent) and standard deviation (Std) are figured, (4) (5) (6) 3.2 Principal part examination To make a classifier framework progressively successful, we use head segment examination (PCA) for dimensionality decrease. The motivation behind its execution is to determine few uncorrelated head segments from a bigger arrangement of zero-mean factors, holding the most extreme conceivable measure of data from the first information. Officially, the most widely recognized induction of PCA is as far as normalized direct projection, which amplifies the change in the anticipated space [18, 19]. For a given p-dimensional informational collection X, the m chief tomahawks W1,†¦,Wm where 1≠¤ m≠¤ p, are symmetrical tomahawks onto which the held change is most extreme in the anticipated space. By and large, W1,†¦,Wm can be given by the m driving eigenvectors of the example Table1 Frequency band of every wavelet decay level. Deterioration level Recurrence band (Hz) 1 2 3 4 5 0-86.8; 86.8-173.6 0-43.5; 43.5-86.8; 86.3 ;130.2-173.6 0-21.75; 21.75-43.5; 43.5-54.375; 54.375-86.3; 86.3-108.05; 108.05-130.2; 130.2-151.95; 151.95-173.6; 0-10.875; 10.875-21.75; 21.75-32.625; 32.625-43.5; 43.5-54.375; 54.375-65.25; 65.25-76.125; 76.125-87; 87-97.875; 97.875-108.75; 108.75-119.625; 119.625-130.5; 130.5-141.375; 141.375-152.25; 152.25-163.125; 163.125-173.6 0-5.44; 5.44-10.875; 10.875-16.31; 16.31-21.75: 21.75-27.19; 27.19-32.625; 32.625-38.06; 38.06-43.5; 43.5-48.94; 48.94-54.375; 54.375-59.81; 59.81-65.25; 65.25-70.69; 70.69-76.125; 76.125-81.56;81.56-87; 87-92.44; 92.44-97.87; 97.87-103.3; 103.3-108.75; 108.75-114.19; 114.19-119.625; 119.625-125.06; 125.06-130.5; 130.5-135.94; 135.94-141.38; 141.38-146.81; 146.81-152.25; 152.25-157.69; 157.69-163.125; 163.125-168.56; 168.56-173.6 covariance framework where is the example mean and N is the quantity of sam

A Speculative View of American History to 1876 :: Essays Papers

A Speculative View of American History to 1876 The individuals who don't consider history are bound to rehash it. Human instinct is one of interest; we are not content with the shallow faã §ade of our reality. Or maybe, we need understanding. We have to know not just expertise we have come to be who we are as a people, yet more significantly why we are, and where, as a general public, we are bound to end. The solution to our constant inquiry of presence lies from quite a while ago. We should look past the simple truthful record of occasions which contains our history, and adopt on a progressively theoretical strategy, and examine the way of thinking of history: for our situation, American history. The world has seen a wide range of authentic methods of reasoning all through time. Two differentiating limits of authentic way of thinking were those of old Greece and Rome, who bought in to the Stoic recurrent perspective on history, and Immanuel Kant’s thought of Progress. Karl Marx, in the eighteenth century, set up his comm unist thoughts in a volume he co-composed, The Communist Manifesto. The authentic way of thinking, be that as it may, which best clarifies the main portion of American history, from its introduction to the world in Europe, to the common war, is that of Augustine. Augustine’s hypothesis of history can be identified in his significant work, The City of God, where he clarifies his idea of the City of Man versus the City of God: â€Å"Accordingly, two urban communities have been shaped by two loves; the hearty love of oneself, even to the scorn of God; the radiant by the affection for God, even to the disdain of self. The previous, in a word, wonders in itself, the last in the Lord.†1 As Ronald Nash explains: Augustine clarifies that the two urban areas will coincide through mankind's history, even inside the limits of maintaining Christendom. Just at the last judgment, which finishes mankind's history, will the two urban areas at long last be isolated, all together that they may share their named predeterminations of paradise and hellfire. What represents people’s position in either city is the object of their affection. Individuals have a place with the City of God by temperance of their affection for God; the remainder of mankind has a place with the City of Man as a result of their â€Å"love of self, even to the disdain of God.†2 This momentous work3 initially started as a reaction to the allegation of Rome’s Christian change at last adding to its sack by Alaric and his Goths.

Influence of Computer Information Technology

Question: Examine about the Influence of Computer for Information Technology. Answer: Presentation Self-viability assumes a critical job in one's life. It is basic to pass judgment on ones abilities. Be that as it may, viability and self-adequacy contrast from one another and must not be confounded. The term viability is utilized in the field of medication and pharmacology. Adequacy alludes to the most extreme reaction accomplished from a dosed specialist. Then again, self-adequacy is simply the conviction to accomplish ones objectives. Adequacy is clinical term while self-viability is a term in the field of brain research or human science. Adequacy is a restorative impact of a clinical gadget, tranquilize, or surgery. Be that as it may, both adequacy and self-viability may have positive just as negative effect on a people wellbeing. The ascent in self-adequacy levels would help the understudies over the long haul. For the most part, the precise estimation of self-viability gives a premise whereupon one can assess alignment precisely. This adjustment is vital for IT understudies. The ascent in self-adequacy levels would upgrade execution, and everybody would profit by this undertaking. The report plans to give an inside and out investigation of self-viability. Self-viability Self-viability is characterized as the degree to which an individual can adhere to his/her choices. It is a conviction, which an individual has his/her own capacity to finish doled out errands and arrive at objectives. There has been broad research on self-adequacy by therapists. Self-adequacy influences the brain science, inspiration and standard of conduct of an individual generally. There are a few speculations determined by therapists on self-viability. Clearly, individuals feel that they can accomplish all objectives that they set. In any case, the greater part of them neglect to place their arrangements enthusiastically. With time, individuals understand that it is difficult to achieve those undertakings basically. Self-viability assumes a critical job in a people life for it significantly influences a people point of view and inspiration. Self-adequacy helps an individual in confronting the difficulties and consider them to be errands that they should ace. People with self-viability attempt to determine the issues they face instead of dodging them. They center around a mind-blowing exercises and have a solid feeling of responsibility. Then again, individuals with low self-viability dread about the difficulties throughout everyday life and consider them to be potential dangers. They stay uncertain to their objectives and frequently neglect to achieve them. They lose confidence and certainty rapidly and consistently contemplate the troublesome circumstances of life. They experience the ill effects of low confidence and experience the ill effects of pressure and wretchedness. They learn and accomplish significantly less contrasted with individuals with high self-viability. In this way, an elevate d feeling of self-adequacy permits an individual to recoup rapidly from frustrations and mishaps. They are more effective than individuals with low self-adequacy. Four factors essentially influence the self-adequacy. They are enactive fulfillment or experience, vicarious experience or displaying, social influence, and physiology. Condition and qualities additionally influence self-viability. The self-adequacy of an individual is gravely hampered by pressure and exhibits his/her powerlessness. There are various hypothetical methodologies of self-adequacy like the social psychological hypothesis, self-idea hypothesis, social learning hypothesis, and the attribution hypothesis. The social intellectual hypothesis stresses the job that social experience and observational learning plays for building up the character. Proposed by Albert Bandura, social psychological hypothesis shows how watching activities of others impacts a people subjective procedures, social practices, and individual activities or responses (John 2013). Outside encounters have a huge impact in deciding self-adequacy of an individual. Social learning hypothesis explains obtaining aptitudes grew fundamentally from a social gathering. Social learning creates individual abilities and individual feelings and in this way encourages a person to acknowledge others. It adds to see the self in a superior manner as individuals learn by copying others, or through perception. Self-viability outlines a people comprehension and commitment in a gathering. Self-idea hypothesis endeavors to account for self-idea as something that is sorted out, learned, and ever evolving. The presence of an individual is deciphered through outer sources and spotlights on how the impressions stay alive for the duration of the life. The focal point of attribution hypothesis is on the attribution of occasions. Inside locus upgrades or lessens self-adequacy with progress or disappointment separately. Locus, dependability, and controllability structure the three expansive components of attribution hypothesis. As indicated by the attribution hypothesis, the nonappearance to adapt up prompts a backslide and diminished self-adequacy. Failure to settle on a choice is an aftereffect of low confidence and must be tended to and settled. Writing survey Self-adequacy in IT This investigation analyzed the impact of self-viability in the Information innovation part and in attention to objectives. The examination was done dependent on objective setting hypothesis, inspiration arrangement model, and the social subjective hypothesis. The examination researched such connections utilizing the ERP, that is, the Enterprise Resource Planning framework. The investigation gave a more profound understanding to the ERP framework scientists into the significance of self-adequacy. As both IT self-adequacy and objective mindfulness affect work fulfillment. Self-adequacy is identified with and basic in utilizing email. Individuals with high self-adequacy will undoubtedly utilize PCs more than people with less self-viability. Self-viability assumes a positive job in building up relationship between a representative and remote worker. Also, individuals with increasingly self-viability in utilizing data innovation have more work result. Likewise, the level self-viability h ave various inclinations for utilizing various advances. People with high self-adequacy are increasingly proficient in utilizing present day innovation (Al-Haderi 2013). The exposition planned for looking at the degree of self-viability of educators who utilize Interactive innovation in language instructing. The name of the task is Interactive Technologies in Language Teaching. The point of the undertaking was to deliver assets and preparing materials for educators with the goal that they can utilize intelligent whiteboard innovation in unknown dialect instructing. The undertaking includes support of seven European nations France, Netherlands, Spain, Belgium, Wales, Germany, and Turkey. There was very little variety in the reactions that the exploration group got from various nations. It was seen that educators had high data and correspondence advances however low self-adequacy with certain apparatuses and highlights of IWB. Self-viability accordingly assumes an essential job in using such innovative instruments. As indicated by the creator, saw convenience and saw handiness are the deciding variables of innovative use. A people elevated level of sel f-viability emphatically impacts the acknowledgment of innovation. An instructors impression of innovation and uplifted self-adequacy helps in a contextualized and more profound comprehension of innovation. It helps in better acknowledgment of innovation (Greenhow and Askari 2015). This article depends on an examination that was directed in embracing of person to person communication locales. It estimated the impact self-viability in tolerating the utilization of innovation. 255 individuals from Thailand and Bangkok were chosen for the reason. The information was dissected through auxiliary condition demonstrating strategies. The examination uncovered that PC experience and information impacted a people self-adequacy. The opposite is likewise obvious. Social elements don't impact much in the improvement of self-adequacy if there should arise an occurrence of PC innovation. Truth be told, self-adequacy straightforwardly impacts helpfulness and in a roundabout way impacts the goal of a person to utilize data innovation. Long range interpersonal communication locales like facebook, twitter, YouTube, or LinkedIn impacts a people self-viability level in playing out a PC related assignment (Sheng et al. 2012). In this article, an investigation was directed by Park and his partners to recognize the significance of self-viability and the impact that it might have on the conviction of people. Self-adequacy characterizes and makes a decision about a clients capacity to perform business related to data innovation. It was discovered that mechanical availability, self-adequacy, and ingenuity of an individual are more significant deciding elements than segment ones like sexual orientation, age, or training. It was additionally uncovered that old clients with high self-viability acknowledge innovation more than new clients with low self-adequacy. Studies additionally uncover that self-viability affects utilization of a framework as they have an apparent feeling of simplicity in successfully utilizing the framework. High self-viability positively affect the utilization of mechanical frameworks (John 2013). The writing audit of four research work shows the significance of self-adequacy in the field of data innovation. Each examination shows that variety in self-adequacy levels influences the exhibition and yield of individuals to a great extent. The strategy to gauge self-viability levels is distinctive for each situation. The directed research measures and thinks about the exhibition of various individuals in various nation from different fields. The investigations show how self-adequacy levels may impact singular execution and profitability. There is consistently a positive connection between high self-adequacy, use of PCs, and utilization of present day mechanical apparatuses. It is additionally observed that representatives with low self-viability levels incorporate and look for innovation all the more adequately. End As self-viability and self-assurance assume an essential job in the field of data innovation, it is of most extreme significance that personnel gives understudies appropriate training. The ascent in self-adequacy levels would improve their presentation, and everybody would profit by this undertaking. The scor

The Spanish Flu in Remission :: Journalism Influenza Health Medical Essays

The Spanish Flu in Remission For some, it seems like there is at last motivation to take a profound moan of help. The savage Spanish Flu, presently accepted to have started on the front lines and in the military clinics of the war, gives off an impression of being abating. In the past two days the losses of life has gone from 302 down to 269, and it today arrived at a wonderful low of just 17. Still the representatives' warning board of trustees and our nearby Health Commission say that we should keep up the battle inasmuch as there is an instance of flu. The annihilation of this sickness is the duty of each resident and doesn't just rest with the doctor. Many are getting ready to broadcast a conclusion to this overwhelming ailment which has just killed millions around the world, and has constrained numerous Los Angeles occupants to confine themselves. The malady was known in the war zones in which it started as three-day fever,. From that point forward the name stuck. It can assault in a case all of a sudden, and leave those it taints dead in under seven days. John C. Acker, a Sergeant inside the 32nd Division American Expeditionary Force, portrayed the course of the disease in more noteworthy detail: It runs its course in possibly more than seven days. It hits out of nowhere and one's temperature almost pursues the mercury through the highest point of the M.D's. thermometer, face gets red, each bone in the body throbs and the head parts all the way open. The illness has been the wellspring of gigantic catastrophe, and tragically has killed a portion of our country's most prominent youngsters, who have effectively battled to push back impressive foe armed forces regardless of enormous challenges. After these fighters got back another fight went up against Uncle Sam, as the dull shadow of influenza guaranteed incalculable the lives of endless regular citizens and military staff. Luckily Los Angeles' response to this scourge has been quick. Isolate has been the official strategy. This week such estimates proceed as almost all midtown chapels report that they won't hold their ordinary Children's Sunday School classes since huge gatherings could jeopardize the lives of the adolescent. While the measures are just brief it has been one more indication of the bothers that isolate measures have created. The houses of worship which settled on this choice hail from practically every group.

Essay questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Paper questions - Assignment Example Constitution were all inclusive and ought to be imparted to everybody. Before the finish of the nineteenth century, the Monroe Doctrine was to come into full impact in a war with the Spanish. Not exclusively would the Americans assume responsibility for Spanish belongings in the Caribbean, for example, Cuba, Puerto Rica, and different islands, however as the war extended so would the transmit of the Monroe Doctrine. The United States would oversee the Philippines, a long way from its own shore, and endeavor to redo the Spanish expansionism political framework in its own picture. The outcome would be a bleeding strife battled with Filipino radicals that would take America numerous years to subdue. Following the American triumph over Spain and the taking of the Philippines, there was a lot of strain between the U.S. what's more, local people. This reached a critical stage in 1899 when American warriors shot a few Filipinos. Things immediately turned crazy with the two sides raising armed forces and battling regular wars. The Americans quickly vanquished the show Filipino powers, slaughtering two of their best officers and mollifying huge numbers of the urban regions. During this period, the President designated recognized Americans to examine conditions in the Philippines and report back on approaches to improve the organization of the nation. The first Commission’s report was a reply to the individuals who contended America had no spot in Southeast Asia: Should our capacity by any casualty be pulled back, the commission accept that the legislature of the Philippines would rapidly slip by into political agitation, which would pardon, in the event that it didn't require, the intercession of different forces and the possible division of the islands among them. Just through American occupation, hence, is simply the possibility of a free, overseeing, and joined Philippine district at all possible. What's more, the key need from the Filipino perspective of keeping up American sway over the archipelago is perceived by every single canny Filipino and

Robert Mueller Investigation Essay (Free Example)

Robert Mueller Investigation Essay (Free Example) In this essay about special prosecutor Robert Mueller’s investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election, we provide an overview of the information available at the time of publication about that investigation.   The essay will explain who Robert Mueller is; what the investigation is trying to find; and why the investigation was instigated.   In addition, the essay will discuss the latest news, as of May 21, 2018, about the investigation.   In addition to discussing the Mueller investigation, the essay will provide you with a technical guide for writing academic essays.   In addition to being formatted in an appropriate academic style, it will include all of the standard parts of an academic essay, including: introduction, thesis statement, evidence and analysis in the body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Table of Contents1 Topics2 Titles3 Outline4 Introduction5 Essay Hook6 Thesis Statement7 Body7.1 Who is Mueller?7.2 What is the Mueller Investigation? 7.3 Why is Mueller Investigating the 2016 Presidential Election?7.4 What are the Latest Developments in the Investigation? 8 Conclusion9 Works Cited10 Closing Topics Robert Mueller- Robert Mueller is the special prosecutor appointed to look into Russian interference in the 2016 Presidential campaign.   As evidence increases suggesting that the Trump campaign colluded with Russia, Republicans have claimed the Mueller’s investigation is partisan.   An essay focusing on Mueller’s background would look into his political allegiances, prior work history, and other aspects that would support or discredit claims that he is behaving in a partisan manner. Christopher Steele- The ex-spy who claims that a Russian dossier exists that makes Trump vulnerable to blackmail by the Kremlin.   With allegations that the Trump campaign colluded with Russia to influence the 2016 presidential election, any interactions between Trump and Russian officials becomes of interest.   This includes allegations by ex-spy Christopher Steele that a dossier on Trump exists that details information, including a video tape of sexual activity with prostitutes, which could allow the Kremlin to influence Trump’s behavior.   This essay would not only discuss Christopher Steele’s history as an agent and the alleged contents of the dossier, but also whether those contents would actually give the Kremlin leverage over Trump. Election Influencing and the Internet-   The allegations that Russia influenced the 2016 presidential election are multi-faceted.   In addition to claims of possible tampering with election machines and votes, the claims include Russia’s role in using social media to influence the outcome of the election.   An essay on this topic would discuss how social media has been used to influence elections, both in the United States and abroad. Titles The Mueller Investigation Did the Trump Campaign Collude with Russia to Influence the 2016 Election? Is the Mueller Investigation a Partisan Witch-Hunt? Why the Mueller Investigation is Important to Ensure Election Integrity Outline I.   Introduction II.   Body a.   Who is Mueller? b.   What is the Mueller Investigation? c.   Why is Mueller investigating the 2016 presidential election? d.   What are the latest developments in the investigation? III.   Conclusion Introduction The Robert Mueller Investigation is a Special Counsel Investigation by United States law enforcement into whether there was any collusion between Donald Trump’s 2016 presidential campaign and any foreign power to influence the election.   The investigation specifically focuses on whether there was any collusion between the Trump campaign and the Russian government, which the investigation has already established made attempts to influence the campaign’s outcome.   The investigation was initially handled by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), but in May 2017 Robert Mueller was appointed as a United States Special Counsel to head the investigation. This led to the consolidation of many separate investigations, including investigations in the former chairman for the Trump campaign, Paul Manafort, and Trump’s former National Security Advisor, Michael Flynn.   While the focus of the investigation has been on election interference and collusion with Russia , it has also investigated possibly related areas, such as hush-money payments made by people connected to the Trump campaign to various individuals who have claimed sexual relationships with Trump.   I Essay Hook While President Trump or his surrogates have repeatedly called the Mueller Investigation a witch-hunt and suggested it has no foundation, the reality is that Mueller has not only found enough evidence to indict several members of Trump’s campaign or administration, but also that the investigation has already led to some guilty pleas. Thesis Statement While the political process and the fact that a sitting President cannot be indicted on federal charges, only impeached, may mean that Trump evades prosecution for collusion in the 2016 campaign, the results of the Mueller investigation have already proven a significant level of collusion to influence the 2016 campaign, between Trump’s associates and Russia. Body Who is Mueller? Special Investigator Robert Mueller may face accusations of engaging in partisan politics, but his history, both as a professional and as an individual, make those accusations appear spurious. Robert Mueller, a former US attorney, was the second-longest serving FBI director in history; in 2011, Congress voted to extend Mueller’s term by two years, so that he could serve a 12-year tenure, rather than a 10-year tenure (Kopan, 2017).   He was unanimously confirmed by the Senate in 2001, after being appointed by a Republican President, George W. Bush.   Likewise, in 2011, the vote to extend his term was unanimous.   He is considered by other law enforcement professionals to be among the best, if not the best, investigative prosecutor in the country, and has been responsible for a number of high-profile investigations.   He personally identifies as a Republican, politically, though there are no allegations that his personal political beliefs have influenced any of his actio ns as FBI director or US attorney. Robert Mueller What is the Mueller Investigation? While referred to as the Mueller Investigation in the press, the Mueller Investigation is more appropriately called the Special Counsel Investigation.  Ã‚   Mueller is the head of the investigation, but he was not responsible for beginning the investigation.   Instead, he was appointed by the Justice Department to investigate allegations that Russia influenced the 2016 Presidential campaign after the Trump Administration fired FBI director James Comey, who was investigating those allegations, and Attorney General Jeff Sessions recused himself from the investigation.   â€Å"As a special counsel, Mr. Mueller can choose whether to consult with or inform the Justice Department about his investigation†¦He is empowered to press criminal charges, and he can request additional resources subject to the review of an assistant attorney general† (Ruiz and Landler, 2017).   Therefore, the investigation is both independent of other law enforcement agencies, but also subject to oversight by the Attorney General’s office, which is, in turn, part of the executive branch.   This makes the investigation difficult, as the Trump Administration, which is the subject of the investigation, also retains the power to fire Mueller, and even to order that the Attorney General end the investigation and not name another special prosecutor if Mueller is fired.   Therefore, the Mueller investigation is best described as a semi-independent Justice Department investigation, headed by special prosecutor Robert Mueller, into allegations that President Trump’s 2016 campaign colluded with Russia to influence the outcome of the election. Why is Mueller Investigating the 2016 Presidential Election? There are multiple answers to the question about why Mueller is investigating the 2016 presidential election.   The first set of answers focuses on why Mueller is the individual in charge of the investigation.   The second set of answers focuses on why there is an investigation.   The answers are related, because, if the reasons necessitating the selection of Special Counsel are accurate, they could help bolster claims of collusion between the Trump Campaign and Russia. Appointing a Special Counsel became necessary after President Trump fired FBI Director James Comey.   Trump reportedly asked Comey to end the investigation into Trump’s National Security Advisor Michael Flynn and allegations that Flynn had colluded with Russia in matters regarding the 2016 campaign.   At the time those allegations came to light, there was not evidence that Flynn was necessarily acting on behalf of Trump’s campaign.   When Comey refused to end the investigation into Flynn, Trump fired him from his position.   The acting Attorney General responded by naming Robert Mueller, a man known for his impartial and judicious approach to issues, as special counsel to investigate those claims of collusion. ? There are a number of reasons that collusion between the Russians and the Trump campaign is suspected.   It is already well-established that Russia expended significant efforts to influence the 2016 Presidential campaign, including a very determined effort to use social media, specifically Facebook, to influence voters.   In January of 2017, the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence launched a bipartisan probe of Russian meddling, which was sparked by a declassified report from the Director of National Intelligence, detailing efforts by Russian President Vladimir Putin, to help influence the campaign by smearing Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton.   This was followed by investigations by the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime and Terrorism, the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, the Senate Judiciary Committee, the F.B.I., and then the Justice Department.   The investigation started with allegations that Michael Flynn, who would become Trump’s National Security Advisor; Paul Manafort, who would become chairman of the Trump campaign; Jared Kushner, Trump’s son-in-law; and Donald Trump, Jr., all had contact with Russians who were giving them or offering to give them damaging information about Hillary Clinton in order to damage her campaign.   Later, hackers break into DNC computers, steal oppositional research on Trump, and getting access to DNC emails. Donald Trump What are the Latest Developments in the Investigation? As of May 21, 2018, the investigation had resulted in a number of indictments, guilty pleas, and convictions. Former Trump campaign advisor George Papadopoulos has pled guilty to making false statements to the FBI about his contacts with Russian official while working for Trump’s campaign.   Michael Flynn pleaded guilty to making false statements to the FBI.   Three other people have entered guilty pleas in relation to the investigation: Paul Manafort’s business partner Rick Gates, Richard Pineo, and Alex van der Zwaan.   Mueller has indicted Paul Manafort, thirteen Russian citizens, and three Russian entities on a variety of charges linked to the investigation. [ several sections of this essay are missing, click here to view the entire essay ] Conclusion The Mueller Investigation began as a series of several investigations into whether Russia interfered with the 2016 Presidential election, with the goal of damaging Hillary Clinton’s campaign.   Initially not linked to the Trump campaign, the investigation was merely looking at Russian hacking efforts.   However, as the investigation unfolded, it revealed an increasing amount of evidence suggesting that the Trump campaign, if not Trump himself, was aware of the interference.   This evidence became particularly troublesome when Trump began to make efforts to discredit the investigation and even fired James Comey because he refused to discontinue the investigation into Flynn.   While characterized as a witch-hunt by Trump and his surrogates, the investigation has revealed enough evidence to result in several guilty pleas and even more indictments.   As the investigation continues to uncover evidence, and as more witnesses cooperate with the investigation, it is possible that it will either lead to Trump firing the special investigator or to substantial evidence that Trump, himself, colluded with the Russians.   Either result could lead to a constitutional crisis unlike anything seen in the United States since the Watergate scandal. Works Cited Kopan, Tal.   â€Å"Who Is Robert Mueller?†Ã‚   CNN.   18 May 2017.  https://www.cnn.com/2017/05/17/politics/who-is-robert-mueller/index.html.   Accessed 21 May 2018. Ruiz, Rebecca and Mark Landler.   â€Å"Robert Mueller, Former F.B.I. Director, Is Named Special Counsel for Russia Investigation.†Ã‚   NYTimes.com.   17 May 2017.   https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/17/us/politics/robert-mueller-special-counsel-russia-investigation.html.   Accessed 21 May 2018. Closing After reading this Mueller Investigation essay, you have a basic understanding of what the Mueller Investigation is, who Robert Mueller is, why he is investigating Russian interference in the 2016 election, and the results of the investigation as of May 21, 2018.   Because this is an ongoing story, you should be sure to check additional news sources for the latest information about the investigation.   In addition to providing you with a factual background of the Mueller Investigation, this essay has also served as a template for an academic essay.   It has shown you the appropriate structure for an expository essay, how to use quotations and cite sources, and how to structure a works cited page.   If you have any additional questions about academic essay structure, one of our professional writers or editors would be happy to help you. 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